What Is Happening in Sudan in 2026, and Who Is Fighting

SUDAN’S WAR · EXPLAINER

Updated 12 times · Latest: 3 November 2026

Sudan’s army and a paramilitary group called the Rapid Support Forces have fought for control of the country since April 2023, and UN agencies now call it the world’s largest hunger crisis.

What is happening in Sudan is a war between two forces that once ruled together: the national army of General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary group led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemedti. The army now holds the capital, Khartoum, and the east of the country, while the RSF holds almost all of Darfur in the west.

For Americans the war is a sanctions, migration and Red Sea story, and a test of President Donald Trump’s pledge in November 2025 to help end it. This week Sudan asked the UN Security Council and the African Union to act against Ethiopia, which denies hosting RSF drones, while drones hit three more power sites. Sudan also accuses Ukraine of backing the RSF, without public evidence.

The Short Answer

Sudan’s war began on 15 April 2023, when fighting broke out in Khartoum between the army and the RSF over who would control the country and its guns. The two commanders had seized power together in a coup in October 2021, ending a civilian-led transition that began after the fall of the long-time ruler Omar al-Bashir in 2019.

Three and a half years later the country is split in two. The army and its government control the north, the centre and the east, including Khartoum and Port Sudan on the Red Sea, while the RSF and its allies hold the west and run a rival administration there.

Civilians pay the price on both sides of the line. Drone strikes on markets and camps have killed hundreds of civilians this month alone, and the UN counts 33.7 million people in need of aid in a country of about 51.7 million.

How the War Began

Omar al-Bashir, who ruled Sudan for three decades, was overthrown in April 2019 after months of street protests. A civilian-led government followed, but in October 2021 the army and the RSF jointly removed Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and suspended the constitution.

The two generals then fell out over how and when the RSF should merge into the regular army. On 15 April 2023 explosions and gunfire shook Khartoum, and the power struggle became a nationwide war.

The RSF grew out of the Janjaweed, the militias that fought for Bashir’s government in Darfur in the 2000s. It became a formal security force under Hemedti, and in January 2025 the US State Department determined that RSF members had committed genocide.

• April 2019 Omar al-Bashir is overthrown after months of protests.
• October 2021 The army and the RSF remove the civilian-led government in a coup.
• 15 April 2023 Fighting between the two forces breaks out in Khartoum.
• January 2025 Washington declares RSF atrocities a genocide and sanctions Hemedti, then Burhan.
• March to May 2025 The army retakes the capital in March and declares all of Khartoum state clear in May.
• 30 August 2025 Hemedti is sworn in as head of the RSF-led rival government in Nyala, Darfur.
• 26 October 2025 The RSF takes El Fasher after an 18-month siege.
• November 2025 Famine is confirmed in El Fasher and Kadugli.
• 11 January 2026 The army-backed government announces its return to Khartoum.
• 19 October 2026 Drone strikes on a market near Abyei kill at least 153 people, local officials say.

Who Controls What in October 2026

The army controls slightly more than half of Sudan, according to a British Home Office assessment updated on 7 September 2026. It retook the capital in March 2025 and cleared Khartoum state in May, and Prime Minister Kamil Idris, whom Burhan appointed on 19 May 2025, announced on 11 January 2026 that the government was moving back to the capital from Port Sudan.

The RSF holds almost all of Darfur and large parts of Kordofan, the same assessment says. The fall of El Fasher in October 2025 gave it the last of Darfur’s five state capitals, and in December 2025 it took the army base at Babanusa and the Heglig oil field in West Kordofan.

The front now runs through Kordofan and Blue Nile state. The army has pushed the RSF out of much of North Kordofan and holds its capital, El Obeid, while the RSF and an allied rebel group, the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N), say they have taken areas of Blue Nile near the Ethiopian border, where the town of Kurmuk has changed hands several times this year.

Latest Developments

Drones struck electricity sites at the New Halfa and Aroma substations in Kassala state in the east, and al-Ghazali in Northern State, early on Monday, 2 November 2026, leaving parts of the country without power. One tally counts 18 reported strikes on the grid in the past week, which we could not confirm independently, and the army also said fighters of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the paramilitary group fighting it since April 2023, had surrendered in Damazin, the capital of Blue Nile state (our full report).

Sudan’s army-led government filed complaints against Ethiopia with the UN Security Council and the African Union’s Peace and Security Council on Sunday, 1 November 2026, saying the RSF launches armed drones from Ethiopian soil. Ethiopia denies the charge, and the figures of the Sovereignty Council, Sudan’s army-led ruling body, are Sudan’s own unverified claims: 70 attacks with 187 one-way attack drones, and nearly 500 civilians killed or wounded, from mid-February to late October (our full report).

On 1 November, a senior Sudanese army officer, Lieutenant General Yassir al-Atta, alleged that the RSF recruited “tens of thousands of mercenaries” from South Sudan and other countries, and that the UAE and Israel’s intelligence agency Mossad back the RSF; he gave no evidence. A UN fact-finding mission set up by the Human Rights Council reported on 3 September 2026 that outside support has expanded both sides’ drone capabilities and cited a supply network for the RSF linked to the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which denies backing either side (our full report).

On 30 October 2026, Sudan’s foreign minister, Mohieldin Salem, said, in remarks carried by Russian media, that Ukrainian trainers and snipers are helping the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the paramilitary group fighting Sudan’s army, and teaching its fighters to fly drones against civilian sites. Sudan has shown no evidence in public, and we found no public reply from Ukraine (our full report).

Salem said Sudanese forces detained some Ukrainian snipers and trainers, killed others and seized weapons linked to them, but he gave no names, numbers, places or dates.

On Friday, 30 October 2026, Sudan’s army chief, General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who also chairs the ruling Sovereignty Council, offered Russian President Vladimir Putin a Red Sea free economic zone for Russian fuel and wheat stores, plus copper and gold deposits, at a meeting in the Kremlin, the Russian presidency’s seat in Moscow. No deal was signed, and the Kremlin’s published transcript makes no mention of a naval base; Putin handed over a roadmap on digital, health, education and logistics projects and asked Sudan to pick those it likes (our full report).

On Thursday, 29 October 2026, the Federal Court of Appeal in Abu Dhabi sentenced eight men to life in prison for unlicensed arms trading and money laundering in deals supplying Sudan’s army, including former intelligence chief Salah Gosh and army chief’s assistant Yasser al-Atta. Three other men got three-year terms, two were acquitted, and six UAE companies were each fined Dh1 million (about US$272,000) and lost their licences; the ruling covers two named deals, and the UAE denies arming the Rapid Support Forces (our full report).

Drones hit the main power substation in Shendi, a city in River Nile State, at about 02:40 local time on Friday, 30 October 2026, and the city lost electricity. Local sources count 11 power and fuel sites hit in under two weeks across at least seven states, a count not independently confirmed, and no group has claimed the strikes (our full report).

On Wednesday, 28 October 2026, Muawiya Osman Khalid, an undersecretary at the Foreign Ministry of Sudan’s army-led government, said at a news conference that drones which hit power stations and fuel depots this week took off from Ethiopian territory, including the airport at Bahir Dar, a city in northern Ethiopia. Officials showed drone fragments and flight-path data, which independent reporters could not verify, and Sudan’s army made a similar claim earlier this year, which Ethiopia rejected (our full report).

Also on 28 October, Defence Minister Hassan Daoud Kabroun told SUNA, Sudan’s state news agency, that more than 20 countries help the RSF with logistics, foreign fighters, money and drones. He named only the United Arab Emirates and Ethiopia and offered no proof, so the statement is the government’s account, not an independent finding (our full report).

On Monday, 26 October, a drone hit a night market in Nyala, the capital of South Darfur. Doctors count at least 21 dead, a Sudanese rights group says more than 100, and Doctors Without Borders (MSF), a medical charity, says the hospital it supports received 36 bodies; no independent body has verified any toll (our full report).

MSF says the strike was carried out by the Sudanese army, which has not published its own account. The strike came a week after the Geneva meeting of mediators ended without a deal (our first report, Geneva talks).

On Monday, 26 October 2026, Britain froze the assets and banned the travel of 15 commanders, militia leaders and officials from both the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a paramilitary group, citing alleged sexual violence including in El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur. London also pledged £5 million (about US$6.7 million at about US$1.335 per pound) for survivors and £10 million (about US$13.4 million) in humanitarian aid, and a UK sanction is a freeze and a ban, not a conviction (our full report).

On Sunday, 25 October 2026, residents of Atbara, a city in northern Sudan, closed streets and burned tyres after the fare on the Ed Damer–Atbara route rose to 7,000 Sudanese pounds (about US$0.69 at the street rate of about 10,100 pounds per dollar). Sudan Tribune, a Sudanese news site, is the only outlet found reporting it so far, and it links the protest to a fuel crisis and shortages of flour and other goods (our full report).

On Saturday 24 October, Al-Khair Abu Maridat, head of the Abyei oversight committee, asked the UN Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), the UN peacekeeping mission in the area, to open an urgent and transparent investigation into the 19 October drone strike on Amiet Market, also called Naam Market. The UN says the strike killed more than 80 people, local authorities in Abyei, an oil-rich border area claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, put the toll above 220, and Sudan’s foreign ministry has denied that its army was responsible (our full report).

Sudan’s army said on 22 October that it had retaken the Bakori military base and the nearby Ouklili area in Blue Nile state, southeast of the state capital Damazin. The RSF and its rebel ally, the SPLM-N, claimed Bakori in late August; the army’s claim has not been independently verified and the RSF had not commented (our full report).

On 23 October the UN human rights chief, Volker Türk, said drone strikes had killed at least 306 people in Sudan from 1 to 21 October and injured hundreds more. The UN attributes the strikes to both the army and the RSF and says drones now cause most conflict-related civilian deaths this year (our full report).

Amnesty International said on 23 October that RSF fighters are still detaining, torturing and killing civilians in El Fasher, a year after the RSF captured the city on 26 October 2025. Of the 19 residents Amnesty interviewed, 17 said the RSF had detained them, and humanitarian groups cited by Amnesty put the city’s population at fewer than 70,000, down from over one million before the war (our full report).

Reported on 22 October 2026, army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who also chairs the ruling Sovereignty Council, has cancelled a cabinet ban on imports of dozens of goods, imposed in April (our full report). Radio Dabanga counts 46 goods in the cancelled ban.

Finance Minister Jibril Ibrahim said that the decision considers consumers’ needs while protecting local producers. The National Importers’ Chamber welcomed the move but wants Prime Minister Kamil Idris to put it in a written decision, because no official list of freed goods has been published.

The Sudanese pound keeps sliding. On 22 October dealers sold the US dollar for 10,300 pounds on the parallel (street) market, up 100 from the day before, and the statistics bureau says annual inflation reached 28.29% in September, up from 26.14% in August.

On the front line, the army kept up near-daily air strikes on RSF positions in Darfur and Kordofan this week, in a campaign now about two weeks old, Sudan Tribune reports (our full report). No verified casualty figure for that day is available, and the UN human rights office says drone strikes killed more than 1,000 civilians in Sudan in the first five months of 2026.

A Week of Deadly Drone Strikes

On Monday, 26 October 2026, Prime Minister Kamil Idris, who heads Sudan’s government, signed decisions exempting eight staple foods, including flour, rice, lentils and cooking oils, from customs duties and value-added tax (VAT). The government says the aim is to ease the cost-of-living burden (our full report).

Early on Tuesday, 27 October, a drone hit the Al-Markhiyat power substation in Omdurman, the city on the west bank of the Nile, cutting electricity across large parts of Khartoum a day after strikes on the southeastern grid. A government source blamed the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), the paramilitary group fighting the army, and the reports could not be independently verified (our full report).

On Monday, 26 October, Sudan Electricity Holding Company, the state-owned utility, said drone strikes on its substations, the switching yards that feed power to homes, cut electricity in Sennar, Al-Qadarif, White Nile and Al-Jazira states in the army-held southeast. The utility blamed the RSF, and the claim has not been independently verified (our full report).

On Friday, 23 October, 32 governments led by the United Kingdom, including the United States, the European Union and Canada, warned that 19.5 million Sudanese (41% of the population) face high levels of acute hunger, 5 million of them at emergency level. Their joint statement says the risk of famine in the coming months needs urgent action and asks both sides to open all aid routes, including flights into Darfur (our full report).

On Sunday, 18 October, a drone hit a transport hub near the market of Al-Dibab, an RSF-held town in West Kordofan. The UN later counted at least 139 dead in what it called a repeat “double tap” strike on a transport truck; earlier counts ranged from 80 to about 150, and the RSF-led administration blamed the army, which has not published its own account.

On Monday, 19 October, a series of strikes hit Amiet market near Abyei (our full report), a border area claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan. Abyei’s information minister, Yohana Akol Ngor, said at least 153 people were killed, up from an early count of 73, though the UN has so far counted more than 80. South Sudan also summoned Sudan’s ambassador after local officials blamed the Sudanese army.

The army issued no official statement, but a senior officer, speaking anonymously to the Associated Press, said the army had struck fuel tankers bound for the RSF and that the dead were RSF fighters and fuel smugglers. The UN called the drone attacks across Sudan relentless, and news agency tallies put the toll of strikes in recent days above 250.

Earlier in the month, on Friday, 9 October, a drone strike near a displacement site in Blue Nile state killed 31 civilians, mostly women and children, the UN humanitarian coordinator for Sudan, Denise Brown, said. Local sources blamed the RSF, while the UN statement named no one.

The war is also crossing borders. The UN said on 20 October that violence in the east of the Central African Republic is partly driven by Sudan’s war, after armed groups attacked the border town of Am-Dafock on 30 June and held it for five days before pulling back into Sudan.

El Fasher and the Genocide Findings

El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur, fell to the RSF on 26 October 2025 after an 18-month siege. The UN human rights office documented more than 6,000 killings between 25 and 27 October and said the real toll was undoubtedly significantly higher.

On 19 February 2026 the UN’s Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan said the RSF’s siege and takeover of the city bore the hallmarks of genocide against non-Arab communities. In the same month the US Treasury sanctioned three RSF commanders over the killings in El Fasher.

These are findings by investigators and governments, not verdicts of a court, and no RSF leader has stood trial. The only Darfur conviction so far is that of Ali Kushayb, a former militia leader whom the International Criminal Court sentenced to 20 years in December 2025 for crimes committed two decades ago.

The Human Toll in Numbers

No one knows how many people have died, but the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data project (ACLED), a conflict monitor, had recorded 52,904 deaths of fighters and civilians by June 2026, a count it calls conservative. Other estimates cited by the British government range from 20,000 to 150,000, and one former US envoy has put the toll above 400,000.

Displacement is the war’s largest measurable cost. The UN refugee agency (UNHCR) counted 11.3 million people forced from their homes by 5 October 2026: 6.4 million inside Sudan and 4.6 million who crossed into neighbouring countries, including South Sudanese who went back home.

Hunger has become a second front. In November 2025 the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC), the UN-backed hunger monitor, confirmed famine in El Fasher and in Kadugli, the capital of South Kordofan, and its update of May 2026 found 19.5 million people in crisis-level hunger or worse.

On 12 October 2026 the IPC warned of a growing risk of famine in Darfur and Kordofan, where drought now covers more than half of Sudan. In two camps in Eastern Jebel Marra, surveys found acute malnutrition among children of 38% and 30.8%, above the famine threshold.

The money to respond is short. The UN’s 2026 plan asks for US$2.9 billion to help 20.4 million people, and less than half of it had been funded by 8 October.

Who Backs the Army and the RSF

Outside help keeps both sides fighting, UN investigators said on 3 September 2026. Their fact-finding mission reported that foreign suppliers had substantially enhanced the drone forces of both the army and the RSF.

The mission found reasonable grounds to believe that recruiters and private firms operating from countries including Colombia and the UAE supplied the RSF through Chad, southeastern Libya and Bosaso in Somalia. It documented up to 2,000 former Colombian military contractors operating drones, artillery and other weapons alongside RSF units.

The UAE denies giving the RSF direct support. When the International Court of Justice threw out Sudan’s genocide case against the UAE on 5 May 2025 for lack of jurisdiction, the UAE called the case utterly baseless.

On the other side, research cited in the British assessment names Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Russia and Pakistan among the countries that have sided with or supported the army. The UN mission also found reasonable grounds to believe that the army used foreign-supplied drones in attacks that harmed civilians.

Peace Talks and the Ceasefire Question

The main peace plan comes from the Quad, which on 12 September 2025 proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, then a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month transition to a civilian-led government. The RSF said in November 2025 that it accepted a humanitarian truce, but Burhan rejected the plan and called it the “worst yet”.

President Trump said on 19 November 2025 that he would work to end the war after Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman asked him to. In June 2026 Washington proposed an immediate 90-day humanitarian truce, and the army has demanded that the RSF first leave every city it has taken since May 2023.

On 15 October 2026 Burhan said he had written to Trump, pledging to work “in good faith” for a just and lasting peace, but he did not accept the truce. On 21 October nearly two dozen countries met in Geneva at talks hosted by Switzerland and the UN, a coordination meeting reserved for mediators, so neither the government nor the RSF attended. It announced no ceasefire, as our explainer on why the Geneva talks failed again sets out.

The UN Security Council has an arms embargo on Darfur but not on the rest of Sudan. On 8 October 2026 it renewed the Darfur measures only until 11 December, and a US draft from August to extend the embargo to the whole country, including drones, was not adopted.

What Prediction Markets Say

Traders on Polymarket, an online prediction-market exchange, gave an official ceasefire between the army and the RSF by 31 December 2026 a chance of about 10% on 1 November 2026 (9:07 a.m. ET), against about 9.5% on 31 October and about 12.5% on 30 October. The series of deadline markets has drawn about US$119,600 in bets since November 2025, about US$15,000 of it on the December deadline, and earlier deadlines at the end of 2025, March 2026 and June 2026 all passed without a ceasefire.

The market counts only a publicly announced, mutually agreed halt to the fighting, so a humanitarian pause would not settle it. The live card below updates every 20 minutes, and Kalshi, the US-regulated exchange, had no market on Sudan when we checked.

What It Means for Americans

Sudan is a sanctions story for US banks and companies. The Treasury has sanctioned Hemedti, Burhan, RSF commanders and a Colombian network that recruited fighters for the RSF, and on 23 June 2026 the State Department added penalties over its 2025 finding that the army-led government used chemical weapons, which Khartoum denies.

It is also a migration story. Sudanese in the United States have held Temporary Protected Status, a shield from deportation, under a designation that ran to 19 October 2026, and the Department of Homeland Security has not announced a decision but says current holders keep their protection.

Sudan’s money is under strain too. On 21 October 2026 dealers in Khartoum sold the US dollar for 10,105 Sudanese pounds (about US$1) on the parallel market, Sudan Tribune reported, as our report on the pound passing 10,000 shows.

The Sudanese news site said importers and fuel buyers were driving demand for dollars and that prices of essential goods were rising. For Sudanese families in the United States who send money home, the gap between street and bank prices shapes what each transfer buys.

The army is also tightening its hold on oil. On 21 October 2026 Burhan issued a decree reviving the Sudanese Petroleum Corporation, a state oil body dissolved in 2019, and rebuilding a Petroleum Council that includes the oil, finance and justice ministers and the intelligence chief, Sudan Tribune reported, as our report on the revived oil corporation explains. The Treasury has sanctioned Burhan, so any company weighing a fuel or investment deal would need legal advice on US sanctions first.

Sudan’s coast matters for shipping, because Port Sudan sits on the Red Sea route between the Suez Canal and the Bab el-Mandeb strait. A wider war on that shore would add risk to a route that ships between Asia and Europe depend on.

What Is Not Known

There is no verified death toll, and the full chain of arms supplies to both sides is not public. No independent inquiry has yet examined October’s deadliest drone strikes, and neither side has given a full public account of them.

It is unclear whether the army will accept a truce while the RSF holds cities, and whether the RSF would give any of them up. It is open whether the Geneva meeting leads to direct talks, and what happens to the Darfur arms embargo, which runs to 11 December.

For the human side of the crisis, read our guides to Sudan’s hunger crisis and how to help and to where Sudan’s refugees have gone. Our explainers on Sudan’s neighbours and the Horn of Africa and on Sudan as a country give the wider picture.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is happening in Sudan right now?

Sudan’s army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces have fought since April 2023, and the country is split between them. The UN says drone strikes killed at least 306 people from 1 to 21 October, including at least 139 in West Kordofan on 18 October.

Who is fighting in Sudan?

The Sudanese army, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, is fighting the Rapid Support Forces, led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemedti. The two ruled together after a coup in 2021 before turning on each other.

What are the Rapid Support Forces?

The RSF is a paramilitary group that grew out of Darfur’s Janjaweed militias and became a formal security force under Hemedti. It holds almost all of Darfur and leads a rival government there.

What happened in El Fasher?

The RSF captured El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur, on 26 October 2025 after an 18-month siege. The UN human rights office documented more than 6,000 killings in three days, and UN investigators found in February 2026 that the takeover bore the hallmarks of genocide.

Why is Sudan accusing Ethiopia?

Sudan’s army-led government filed complaints with the UN Security Council and the African Union on 1 November 2026, saying the RSF launches drones from Ethiopian soil. Ethiopia denies it, and Sudan’s figures of 70 attacks are unverified claims.

What did Sudan offer Russia?

On 30 October 2026 army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan offered Putin a Red Sea free economic zone for Russian fuel and wheat stores, plus copper and gold deposits. No deal was signed, and Russia handed over a cooperation roadmap.

Is there a ceasefire in Sudan?

No ceasefire is in force, and a mediators-only meeting in Geneva on 21 October did not bring either side to the table. Polymarket traders put the chance of an official ceasefire by 31 December 2026 at about 10% on 1 November.

What new action has the UK taken over Sudan?

On 26 October 2026 Britain sanctioned 15 commanders from both the army and the RSF over alleged sexual violence and pledged £15 million (about US$20 million) in aid. A sanction freezes assets and bans travel; it is not a conviction.

Is there famine in Sudan?

Famine was confirmed in El Fasher and Kadugli in November 2025. On 23 October 2026, 32 governments warned that famine risk is rising, with 19.5 million people facing acute hunger and 5 million at emergency level.

Has Sudan lifted its ban on food imports?

Yes. Reported on 22 October 2026, army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan has cancelled a ban on 46 imported goods, Radio Dabanga says. Importers still want a written government decision.

How can I help people in Sudan?

UN agencies, international charities and local volunteer groups called Emergency Response Rooms all run appeals for Sudan. Our guide to the hunger crisis explains where donations go and how to check a charity before you give.

Sources: Kremlin, meeting with Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (30 October 2026); The National, Abu Dhabi court ruling (29 October 2026); UN News, 306 drone deaths in three weeks (23 October 2026); Amnesty International, El Fasher (23 October 2026); UN News, Abyei attack (19 October 2026); Radio Tamazuj, South Sudan summons Sudan’s envoy (19 October 2026); France 24, Al-Dibab strike (19 October 2026); Darfur24, Blue Nile strike (11 October 2026); ABC News Australia, Abyei toll and army officer (21 October 2026); UN News, Geneva talks (21 October 2026); UN News, Central African Republic (20 October 2026); UK Home Office, Sudan security situation (updated 7 September 2026); Council on Foreign Relations, conflict tracker (August 2026); BusinessDay, Kamil Idris appointed (19 May 2025); government’s return to Khartoum (11 January 2026); Sudan War Monitor, Babanusa (December 2025); Radio Dabanga, Blue Nile (24 March 2026); Jamestown Foundation, RSF rival government (20 November 2025); UN Fact-Finding Mission, A/HRC/61/77 (February 2026); ASIL, US genocide determination (January 2025); US Treasury, sanctions on Burhan (16 January 2025); The Reporter, US sanctions on RSF commanders (19 February 2026); Arab News, Colombian recruitment network (9 December 2025); Federal Register, chemical weapons sanctions (20 July 2026); Radio Tamazuj, ICC sentence (9 December 2025); FAO, famine confirmed (November 2025); IPC special snapshot (14 May 2026); UN News via allAfrica, IPC alert (12 October 2026); OCHA, Sudan key facts (13 August 2026); UNHCR, regional update (5 October 2026); WHO via allAfrica (12 October 2026); UN News, outside forces fuel Sudan war (3 September 2026); International Court of Justice, Sudan v. UAE; Aletihad, UAE reaction (5 May 2025); Radio Tamazuj, Quad roadmap (12 September 2025); RSF truce statement via allAfrica (6 November 2025); Burhan rejects the plan (24 November 2025); Trump statement via allAfrica (19 November 2025); US 90-day truce proposal (10 July 2026); Radio Tamazuj, Burhan’s message to Trump (16 October 2026); UN Geneva press briefing (16 October 2026); Security Council Report (15 October 2026); US embargo draft via allAfrica (25 August 2026); CBS News, TPS (18 October 2026); Federal Register, TPS Sudan extension (17 January 2025); WFP, Sudan; Sudan Tribune, dollar rate (21 October 2026); Sudan Tribune, Petroleum Corporation decree (21 October 2026); Swissinfo, Geneva coordination meeting (16 October 2026); Sudan Tribune, import ban cancelled (22 October 2026); Radio Dabanga, 46 imports and dollar rate (22 October 2026); UN drone deaths, January to May 2026 (15 June 2026); UK Foreign Office, sanctions on commanders (26 October 2026); Sudan Tribune, UK sanctions (26 October 2026); Joint ministerial statement on the risk of famine in Sudan (23 October 2026); Sudan Electricity Holding Company statements via our reports (26-28 October 2026); Polymarket public market data (31 October 2026); Kremlin transcript of the Putin–Burhan meeting (30 October 2026); UAE Federal Court of Appeal ruling, 29 October 2026. As of 31 October 2026.

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