Gabon-Equatorial Guinea Islands Deal Ends 50-Year Oil Dispute
Africa · Central
Key Facts
—The Agreement. Gabon and Equatorial Guinea signed a joint commitment mechanism in Addis Ababa on 28 July 2026.
—The Ruling. The deal implements a 19 May 2025 ICJ judgment awarding Mbanié, Cocotiers, and Conga to Equatorial Guinea.
—The Trade-off. Gabon cedes roughly 0.4 km² of insular territory but gains about 50 km² of mainland territory.
—The Resource. The surrounding Corisco Bay waters are considered highly prospective for offshore oil and gas.
—Next Step. Both nations must now negotiate the precise maritime boundary to define their Exclusive Economic Zones.
Gabon and Equatorial Guinea have turned a half-century territorial dispute over three tiny islands into a framework for cooperation, signing an African Union-brokered deal that promises to unlock offshore energy investment in the Gulf of Guinea.
A Handshake in Addis Ababa Ends a 50-Year Standoff
On 28 July 2026, the foreign ministers of two of Central Africa’s oil-producing heavyweights met in Ethiopia to close a chapter that had remained open since the early 1970s. Gabon’s Dieudonné Aba’a Owono and Equatorial Guinea’s Simeón Oyono Esono Angüe signed a “joint commitment mechanism” on the sidelines of the African Union’s 49th ordinary session.
The document, witnessed by AU Commission Chair Mahmoud Ali Youssouf, does not reopen the question of who owns the islets of Mbanié, Cocotiers, and Conga. It simply binds both states to implement the International Court of Justice’s ruling peacefully and to create a technical committee that will manage the practical consequences.
What the ICJ Decided Over the Gabon Equatorial Guinea Islands
The Hague spoke clearly on 19 May 2025. The ICJ unanimously recognised Equatorial Guinea’s sovereignty over Mbanié, Cocotiers, and Conga, tracing legal title back to the Franco-Spanish Convention of 1900.
The court explicitly rejected a 1974 “Bata Convention” that Gabon had presented as proof of its ownership, finding that the original text was missing and that the document never carried the force of law.
The ruling was not a total loss for Libreville. Gabon was ordered to withdraw its soldiers from Mbanié, which it had occupied for decades.
The court’s judgment focused on sovereignty over the islands and the land and maritime boundary, with the common land boundary fixed by the 1900 Franco-Spanish Convention.
The Real Prize: Offshore Oil and Maritime Boundaries
Sovereignty over the islets matters because of what lies beneath the waves. The Corisco Bay sits within the Gulf of Guinea, one of the world’s most productive offshore hydrocarbon basins.
Control of Mbanié influences how the maritime boundary is drawn, which in turn determines which country can award exploration licences for the surrounding blocks.
The ICJ deliberately left the precise maritime delimitation unresolved. It set the legal parameters but instructed both states to negotiate the exact line themselves.
The new AU-supervised mechanism will frame those negotiations, effectively deciding who gets to license future deepwater drilling, gas monetisation, and associated infrastructure projects worth billions of dollars.
A Test Case for Africa’s New Scramble
The settlement fits a broader pattern of African coastal states legalising their maritime claims before external powers can exploit the ambiguity. The Gulf of Guinea is a crowded strategic space where Nigerian, Angolan, and Equatoguinean offshore zones overlap with European, American, and Chinese naval interests.
Clear borders reduce the risk of incidents that could draw in outside forces.
This is precisely the dynamic tracked in our pillar coverage of Africa: The New Scramble. The Gabon-Equatorial Guinea deal shows how African institutions are taking ownership of dispute resolution. The AU has moved from observer to active guarantor, appointing former Burundian foreign minister Albert Shingiro as a special envoy to accompany the implementation process.
Domestic Politics and the Investor Lens
In Gabon, the ICJ loss on Mbanié triggered sharp criticism. Opposition figure Alain-Claude Bilie By Nzé called the decision “a catastrophe” in French and African media, arguing the government had sacrificed maritime claims. The administration of Brice Oligui Nguema will now need to show that the mainland gains and the chance to shape the final maritime line represent a strategic victory.
For international investors, the calculus is simpler. A 50-year territorial dispute has been replaced by a binding court ruling and a joint implementation agreement.
Political risk for offshore projects in the Corisco Bay area has dropped measurably. The next licensing rounds will reveal whether oil majors and independent explorers agree that the legal fog has lifted.
What to Watch Next
The technical committee created in Addis Ababa must now oversee Gabon’s troop withdrawal from Mbanié. That process will be the first test of whether both capitals intend to honour their commitments on the ground, not just on paper.
Any delay or friction will immediately raise questions about the viability of the maritime negotiations that follow.
The larger prize remains the maritime boundary. Once the EEZ line is drawn, both Libreville and Malabo will be able to market specific blocks to international oil companies.
The settlement also sets a precedent for other unresolved disputes in the Gulf of Guinea, from Nigeria-Cameroon to Equatorial Guinea-São Tomé and Príncipe, where hydrocarbons and sovereignty remain tangled.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Which country now owns the three disputed islands?
Equatorial Guinea holds legal sovereignty over Mbanié, Cocotiers, and Conga following the ICJ ruling of 19 May 2025. The court based its decision on the 1900 Franco-Spanish Convention, which defined colonial borders in the Gulf of Guinea. Gabon has accepted the ruling and agreed to withdraw its military forces from Mbanié under the July 2026 implementation deal.
Why are these tiny islands so important economically?
The islets sit in the Corisco Bay, part of the hydrocarbon-rich Gulf of Guinea. Control over them influences where the maritime boundary is drawn, which determines which country can award offshore oil and gas exploration licences.
The surrounding waters are also valuable for industrial fishing and shipping lanes connecting Central African energy exports to global markets.
What happens next in the Gabon-Equatorial Guinea border process?
A joint technical committee, supervised by the African Union and special envoy Albert Shingiro, will oversee Gabon’s troop withdrawal from Mbanié and manage the practical implementation of the ICJ ruling. The two countries must then negotiate the precise maritime boundary to define their Exclusive Economic Zones, a process that will directly shape future offshore energy investment in the region.
Sources
Sources: Gabon and Equatorial Guinea signed a joint commitment mechanism; 19 May 2025 ICJ judgment; AU Commission Chair Mahmoud Ali Youssouf.
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