IBOV 177,866 ▲ 2.97% IPSA 11,057 ▲ 0.28% IPC MEX 66,496 ▲ 0.59% MERVAL 3,280,224 ▲ 2.43% COLCAP 2,307.67 ▲ 0.65% BVL PERÚ 56,194.27 ▲ 1.29% USD/BRL5.11▼ 0.17% USD/MXN17.46▼ 0.49% USD/CLP923.90▼ 0.41% USD/COP3,247▼ 2.86% USD/PEN3.39▼ 0.31% USD/ARS1,487▼ 0.03% USD/UYU40.22▲ 1.20% USD/PYG6,055▲ 1.53% USD/BOB10.14▲ 4.01% USD/DOP58.48▼ 0.12% USD/CRC448.82▲ 1.40% USD/GTQ7.63▲ 2.28% USD/HNL26.72▲ 1.50% USD/NIO36.62▲ 0.26% USD/VES707.92▼ 0.13% USD/PAB1.00— 0.00% USD/BZD2.00— 0.00% USD/JMD158.07▲ 0.80% USD/TTD6.75▲ 1.32% EUR/BRL5.83▼ 1.07% BRENT 76.00 ▼ 0.39% WTI 71.51 ▼ 0.79% IRON ORE 161.91 — — COPPER 6.29 ▲ 1.13% GOLD 4,129 ▼ 0.04% SILVER 60.30 ▼ 0.13% SOY 1,190 ▲ 0.83% CORN 460.25 ▲ 7.60% WHEAT 639.25 ▲ 4.58% COFFEE 337.75 ▼ 5.38% SUGAR 14.86 ▼ 1.72% ORANGE JUICE 143.25 ▼ 4.44% COTTON 80.87 ▲ 6.18% COCOA 5,973 ▼ 5.33% BEEF 235.00 ▼ 0.11% CATTLE 354.38 ▼ 0.50% LITHIUM 72.32 ▼ 0.69% PETR4 39.65 ▲ 1.12% VALE3 74.18 ▲ 1.41% ITUB4 44.30 ▲ 4.02% BBDC4 18.86 ▲ 4.78% ABEV3 15.82 ▲ 0.64% BBAS3 20.58 ▲ 2.90% B3SA3 15.42 ▲ 4.26% WEGE3 46.51 ▲ 1.68% PRIO3 55.45 ▼ 0.29% SUZB3 41.55 ▲ 1.27% RENT3 41.10 ▲ 4.31% AZZA3 19.10 ▲ 3.47% CSAN3 4.07 ▲ 5.44% RAIZ4 0.35 ▼ 5.41% PCAR3 2.73 ▼ 1.09% GMAT3 3.97 ▲ 1.02% PSSA3 54.97 ▲ 3.04% CVCB3 1.25 — 0.00% POSI3 3.97 ▲ 3.12% SLCE3 14.02 ▲ 1.67% NATU3 8.68 ▲ 2.60% BRKM5 6.63 ▲ 4.25% RANI3 8.01 ▲ 1.91% CSNA3 5.18 ▲ 7.92% CMIN3 5.23 ▲ 8.28% USIM5 8.45 ▲ 1.20% GGBR4 23.01 ▲ 2.36% ENEV3 27.55 ▲ 5.15% CPFE3 47.87 ▲ 3.41% CMIG4 11.38 ▲ 2.71% EQTL3 40.91 ▲ 3.54% LREN3 14.62 ▲ 3.32% VIVT3 35.75 ▲ 3.62% RAIL3 14.36 ▲ 4.44% KLABIN 17.54 ▲ 0.80% RAIA DROGASIL 18.77 ▲ 3.53% RDOR3 36.02 ▲ 2.48% HAPV3 10.60 ▲ 5.26% FLRY3 16.42 ▲ 4.25% SMTO3 16.37 ▲ 1.99% UGPA3 30.71 ▲ 2.03% VBBR3 33.00 ▲ 2.80% BBSE3 40.35 ▲ 2.72% BPAC11 58.73 ▲ 5.48% CURY3 34.21 ▲ 4.62% AERI3 2.09 ▲ 1.46% VIVARA 23.53 ▲ 4.21% COMPASS 25.50 ▲ 3.32% VAMOS 3.06 ▲ 3.38% SANB11 27.62 ▲ 5.22% ASAI3 8.87 ▲ 4.85% SBSP3 31.11 ▲ 3.70% WALMEX 49.31 ▲ 0.59% GMEXICO 198.62 ▲ 1.68% FEMSA 223.20 ▲ 0.37% CEMEX 21.82 ▲ 0.51% GFNORTE 186.51 ▲ 0.63% BIMBO 56.10 ▲ 0.30% TELEVISA 9.73 ▲ 2.53% AMX 22.70 ▲ 0.27% GAP 412.01 ▼ 0.41% ASUR 285.12 ▲ 0.53% OMA 235.73 ▼ 0.95% KOF 182.08 ▲ 0.65% GRUMA 282.99 ▲ 0.14% KIMBER 38.07 ▼ 0.96% SQM-B 67,750 ▼ 1.95% COPEC 6,139 ▲ 1.98% BSANTANDER 79.00 ▲ 1.94% FALABELLA 5,905 ▲ 0.92% ENELAM 85.40 ▲ 1.47% CENCOSUD 2,045 ▼ 0.55% CMPC 1,109 ▲ 1.32% BANCO CHILE 188.88 ▲ 1.01% LATAM AIR 26.26 ▼ 0.53% YPF 74,400 ▼ 1.81% GGAL 8,350 ▲ 5.96% PAMPA 5,185 ▼ 0.38% TXAR 671.00 ▲ 0.98% ALUAR 978.00 ▲ 0.98% TGS 9,610 ▲ 3.22% CEPU 2,405 ▲ 3.89% MIRGOR 17,375 ▲ 1.02% COME 45.90 ▲ 1.06% LOMA NEGRA 3,583 ▲ 2.43% BYMA 314.00 ▲ 1.37% TELECOM ARG 4,245 ▲ 3.03% ECOPETROL 15.59 ▲ 1.27% BANCOLOMBIA 82.95 ▲ 2.50% GRUPO AVAL 5.08 ▲ 1.20% CREDICORP 400.81 ▲ 2.27% SOUTHERN COPPER 175.83 ▲ 0.80% BUENAVENTURA 30.00 ▲ 1.52% MERCADOLIBRE 1,852 ▲ 2.46% NUBANK 13.76 ▲ 0.66% XP 16.92 ▲ 3.11% PAGSEGURO 9.25 ▲ 2.78% STONE 11.21 ▲ 2.28% GLOBANT 29.96 ▼ 4.25% TECNOGLASS 43.90 ▲ 1.76% GAP AIRPORT 235.64 ▲ 0.50% ASUR 285.12 ▲ 0.53% OMA AIRPORT 108.09 ▼ 0.22% AMX ADR 26.04 ▲ 0.77% FEMSA ADR 127.70 ▲ 0.55% CEMEX ADR 12.48 ▲ 0.89% PETROBRAS ADR 17.32 ▲ 1.70% VALE ADR 14.46 ▲ 1.69% ITAU ADR 8.62 ▲ 4.11% SANTANDER BR 5.39 ▲ 4.86% AMBEV ADR 3.07 ▲ 0.99% CSN 1.01 ▲ 5.79% GERDAU 4.50 ▲ 2.04% LATAM ADR 56.45 ▼ 1.03% BTC 63,899 ▲ 1.12% ETH 1,791 ▲ 2.65% SOL 77.84 ▼ 0.26% XRP 1.10 ▲ 0.98% BNB 575.57 ▲ 1.25% ADA 0.17 ▲ 0.35% DOGE 0.07 ▲ 1.65% AVAX 6.76 ▲ 1.15% LINK 7.92 ▲ 2.41% DOT 0.88 ▲ 6.05% LTC 44.61 ▲ 1.93% BCH 245.81 ▲ 3.38% TRX 0.33 ▼ 0.43% XLM 0.19 ▲ 2.11% HBAR 0.07 — 0.00% NEAR 1.88 ▼ 2.32% ATOM 1.59 ▲ 2.72% AAVE 97.12 ▲ 6.43% SELIC 14.25% EMBRAER 84.60 ▲ 0.88% EMBRAER ADR 66.01 ▲ 0.72% JBS 11.91 ▲ 1.53% JBS BDR 60.78 ▲ 1.22% MBRF3 15.55 ▲ 0.91% MBRFY 2.97 ▼ 1.00% INTER 5.82 ▲ 1.93% EGX 52,312 ▲ 0.54% USD/ZAR16.35▲ 0.11% USD/NGN1,376▼ 0.12% NIKKEI 68,558 ▲ 1.20% CSI300 4,781 ▼ 1.96% HSI 24,175 ▲ 0.60% NIFTY 24,207 ▲ 1.02% KOSPI 7,476 ▲ 2.52% JCI 5,924 ▲ 0.20% USD/JPY161.67▼ 0.44% USD/CNY6.78▼ 0.25% DAX 25,067 ▼ 0.20% CAC 8,339 ▲ 0.15% FTSE 10,497 ▲ 0.24% MIB 52,614 ▲ 0.44% IBEX 19,385 ▲ 0.32% STOXX 641.10 ▲ 0.04% EUR/USD1.14▼ 0.10% GBP/USD1.34▲ 0.01% SPX 7,575 ▲ 0.42% DJI 52,637 ▲ 0.29% NDX 29,825 ▲ 0.33% RUT 2,978 ▼ 0.49% TSX 35,305 ▲ 0.30% VIX 15.03 ▼ 5.11% USD/CAD1.42▼ 0.11% US10Y 4.5690 ▲ 0.66% IBOV 177,866 ▲ 2.97% IPSA 11,057 ▲ 0.28% IPC MEX 66,496 ▲ 0.59% MERVAL 3,280,224 ▲ 2.43% COLCAP 2,307.67 ▲ 0.65% BVL PERÚ 56,194.27 ▲ 1.29% USD/BRL 5.11 ▼ 0.17% USD/MXN 17.46 ▼ 0.49% USD/CLP 923.90 ▼ 0.41% USD/COP 3,247 ▼ 2.86% USD/PEN 3.39 ▼ 0.31% USD/ARS 1,487 ▼ 0.03% USD/UYU 40.22 ▲ 1.20% USD/PYG 6,055 ▲ 1.53% USD/BOB 10.14 ▲ 4.01% USD/DOP 58.48 ▼ 0.12% USD/CRC 448.82 ▲ 1.40% USD/GTQ 7.63 ▲ 2.28% USD/HNL 26.72 ▲ 1.50% USD/NIO 36.62 ▲ 0.26% USD/VES 707.92 ▼ 0.13% USD/PAB 1.00 — 0.00% USD/BZD 2.00 — 0.00% USD/JMD 158.07 ▲ 0.39% USD/TTD 6.75 ▲ 1.44% EUR/BRL 5.83 ▼ 1.07% BRENT 76.00 ▼ 0.39% WTI 71.51 ▼ 0.79% IRON ORE 161.91 — — COPPER 6.29 ▲ 1.13% GOLD 4,129 ▼ 0.04% SILVER 60.30 ▼ 0.13% SOY 1,190 ▲ 0.83% CORN 460.25 ▲ 7.60% WHEAT 639.25 ▲ 4.58% COFFEE 337.75 ▼ 5.38% SUGAR 14.86 ▼ 1.72% ORANGE JUICE 143.25 ▼ 4.44% COTTON 80.87 ▲ 6.18% COCOA 5,973 ▼ 5.33% BEEF 235.00 ▼ 0.11% CATTLE 354.38 ▼ 0.50% LITHIUM 72.32 ▼ 0.69% PETR4 39.65 ▲ 1.12% VALE3 74.18 ▲ 1.41% ITUB4 44.30 ▲ 4.02% BBDC4 18.86 ▲ 4.78% ABEV3 15.82 ▲ 0.64% BBAS3 20.58 ▲ 2.90% B3SA3 15.42 ▲ 4.26% WEGE3 46.51 ▲ 1.68% PRIO3 55.45 ▼ 0.29% SUZB3 41.55 ▲ 1.27% RENT3 41.10 ▲ 4.31% AZZA3 19.10 ▲ 3.47% CSAN3 4.07 ▲ 5.44% RAIZ4 0.35 ▼ 5.41% PCAR3 2.73 ▼ 1.09% GMAT3 3.97 ▲ 1.02% PSSA3 54.97 ▲ 3.04% CVCB3 1.25 — 0.00% POSI3 3.97 ▲ 3.12% SLCE3 14.02 ▲ 1.67% NATU3 8.68 ▲ 2.60% BRKM5 6.63 ▲ 4.25% RANI3 8.01 ▲ 1.91% CSNA3 5.18 ▲ 7.92% CMIN3 5.23 ▲ 8.28% USIM5 8.45 ▲ 1.20% GGBR4 23.01 ▲ 2.36% ENEV3 27.55 ▲ 5.15% CPFE3 47.87 ▲ 3.41% CMIG4 11.38 ▲ 2.71% EQTL3 40.91 ▲ 3.54% LREN3 14.62 ▲ 3.32% VIVT3 35.75 ▲ 3.62% RAIL3 14.36 ▲ 4.44% KLABIN 17.54 ▲ 0.80% RAIA DROGASIL 18.77 ▲ 3.53% RDOR3 36.02 ▲ 2.48% HAPV3 10.60 ▲ 5.26% FLRY3 16.42 ▲ 4.25% SMTO3 16.37 ▲ 1.99% UGPA3 30.71 ▲ 2.03% VBBR3 33.00 ▲ 2.80% BBSE3 40.35 ▲ 2.72% BPAC11 58.73 ▲ 5.48% CURY3 34.21 ▲ 4.62% AERI3 2.09 ▲ 1.46% VIVARA 23.53 ▲ 4.21% COMPASS 25.50 ▲ 3.32% VAMOS 3.06 ▲ 3.38% SANB11 27.62 ▲ 5.22% ASAI3 8.87 ▲ 4.85% SBSP3 31.11 ▲ 3.70% WALMEX 49.31 ▲ 0.59% GMEXICO 198.62 ▲ 1.68% FEMSA 223.20 ▲ 0.37% CEMEX 21.82 ▲ 0.51% GFNORTE 186.51 ▲ 0.63% BIMBO 56.10 ▲ 0.30% TELEVISA 9.73 ▲ 2.53% AMX 22.70 ▲ 0.27% GAP 412.01 ▼ 0.41% ASUR 285.12 ▲ 0.53% OMA 235.73 ▼ 0.95% KOF 182.08 ▲ 0.65% GRUMA 282.99 ▲ 0.14% KIMBER 38.07 ▼ 0.96% SQM-B 67,750 ▼ 1.95% COPEC 6,139 ▲ 1.98% BSANTANDER 79.00 ▲ 1.94% FALABELLA 5,905 ▲ 0.92% ENELAM 85.40 ▲ 1.47% CENCOSUD 2,045 ▼ 0.55% CMPC 1,109 ▲ 1.32% BANCO CHILE 188.88 ▲ 1.01% LATAM AIR 26.26 ▼ 0.53% YPF 74,400 ▼ 1.81% GGAL 8,350 ▲ 5.96% PAMPA 5,185 ▼ 0.38% TXAR 671.00 ▲ 0.98% ALUAR 978.00 ▲ 0.98% TGS 9,610 ▲ 3.22% CEPU 2,405 ▲ 3.89% MIRGOR 17,375 ▲ 1.02% COME 45.90 ▲ 1.06% LOMA NEGRA 3,583 ▲ 2.43% BYMA 314.00 ▲ 1.37% TELECOM ARG 4,245 ▲ 3.03% ECOPETROL 15.59 ▲ 1.27% BANCOLOMBIA 82.95 ▲ 2.50% GRUPO AVAL 5.08 ▲ 1.20% CREDICORP 400.81 ▲ 2.27% SOUTHERN COPPER 175.83 ▲ 0.80% BUENAVENTURA 30.00 ▲ 1.52% MERCADOLIBRE 1,852 ▲ 2.46% NUBANK 13.76 ▲ 0.66% XP 16.92 ▲ 3.11% PAGSEGURO 9.25 ▲ 2.78% STONE 11.21 ▲ 2.28% GLOBANT 29.96 ▼ 4.25% TECNOGLASS 43.90 ▲ 1.76% GAP AIRPORT 235.64 ▲ 0.50% ASUR 285.12 ▲ 0.53% OMA AIRPORT 108.09 ▼ 0.22% AMX ADR 26.04 ▲ 0.77% FEMSA ADR 127.70 ▲ 0.55% CEMEX ADR 12.48 ▲ 0.89% PETROBRAS ADR 17.32 ▲ 1.70% VALE ADR 14.46 ▲ 1.69% ITAU ADR 8.62 ▲ 4.11% SANTANDER BR 5.39 ▲ 4.86% AMBEV ADR 3.07 ▲ 0.99% CSN 1.01 ▲ 5.79% GERDAU 4.50 ▲ 2.04% LATAM ADR 56.45 ▼ 1.03% BTC 63,899 ▲ 1.12% ETH 1,791 ▲ 2.65% SOL 77.84 ▼ 0.26% XRP 1.10 ▲ 0.98% BNB 575.57 ▲ 1.25% ADA 0.17 ▲ 0.35% DOGE 0.07 ▲ 1.65% AVAX 6.76 ▲ 1.15% LINK 7.92 ▲ 2.41% DOT 0.88 ▲ 6.05% LTC 44.61 ▲ 1.93% BCH 245.81 ▲ 3.38% TRX 0.33 ▼ 0.43% XLM 0.19 ▲ 2.11% HBAR 0.07 — 0.00% NEAR 1.88 ▼ 2.32% ATOM 1.59 ▲ 2.72% AAVE 97.12 ▲ 6.43% SELIC 14.25% EMBRAER 84.60 ▲ 0.88% EMBRAER ADR 66.01 ▲ 0.72% JBS 11.91 ▲ 1.53% JBS BDR 60.78 ▲ 1.22% MBRF3 15.55 ▲ 0.91% MBRFY 2.97 ▼ 1.00% INTER 5.82 ▲ 1.93% EGX 52,312 ▲ 0.54% USD/ZAR 16.35 ▲ 0.24% USD/NGN 1,376 ▲ 0.08% NIKKEI 68,558 ▲ 1.20% CSI300 4,781 ▼ 1.96% HSI 24,175 ▲ 0.60% NIFTY 24,207 ▲ 1.02% KOSPI 7,476 ▲ 2.52% JCI 5,924 ▲ 0.20% USD/JPY 161.67 ▼ 0.42% USD/CNY 6.7667 ▼ 0.37% DAX 25,067 ▼ 0.20% CAC 8,339 ▲ 0.15% FTSE 10,497 ▲ 0.24% MIB 52,614 ▲ 0.44% IBEX 19,385 ▲ 0.32% STOXX 641.10 ▲ 0.04% EUR/USD 1.1419 ▼ 0.13% GBP/USD 1.3398 ▼ 0.04% SPX 7,575 ▲ 0.42% DJI 52,637 ▲ 0.29% NDX 29,825 ▲ 0.33% RUT 2,978 ▼ 0.49% TSX 35,305 ▲ 0.30% VIX 15.03 ▼ 5.11% USD/CAD 1.4153 ▼ 0.09% US10Y 4.5690 ▲ 0.66%
since 2009
Friday, July 10, 2026

Grupo Gigante S. A. B. de C. V

By · June 22, 2026 · 5 min read

Daily Brief

The morning intel from across Latin America. Free.

By subscribing you agree to our privacy policy. We never share your email.

Grupo Gigante S. A. B. de C. V (GIGANTE), listed on Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, Mexico
RT
Ask Rio Times
17 years of Latin America reporting, on demand.
Open the full Ask Rio Times →
Research verified 22 June 2026No daily price feed exists for this listing

Context: How Bolsa Mexicana de Valores works, and what it makes issuers disclose · Mexico on the LatAm Power Map

Ángel Losada Gómez arrived in Mexico from Spain at fifteen years old with nothing. Sixty years later, the company he built owns Office Depot, Toks restaurants, Petco pet stores, Shake Shack franchises, and shopping malls — and his family still runs it.

Full name Grupo Gigante, S.A.B. de C.V.
Ticker / exchange GIGANTE — Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV)
Headquarters Mexico City, Mexico
Sector Consumer Cyclical — Specialty Retail
Employees 22,151
Market value MXN 29.8bn (US$1.72bn) (our calculation)
Yearly sales (revenue TTM) MXN 36.0bn (US$2.07bn) (our calculation)
Net profit (fiscal 2025) MXN 2.03bn (US$117m) (our calculation)
Net margin 5.6%
Return on equity 7.5%
Price-to-earnings (P/E) 14.8×
Dividend yield 1.4%
Website grupogigante.com.mx

What it is

Since 1962, Grupo Gigante has operated across three divisions — Specialized Retail, Hospitality, and Real Estate — with 16 brands spanning 931 business units in seven countries. The supermarkets that made the name famous are long gone, sold to rival Soriana in 2007; what remains is a diversified holding company that serves Mexicans buying office supplies, eating out, shopping for a pet, or renting space in a mall.

Specialized retail — Office Depot, RadioShack, Marchand stationery, and related chains — still represents roughly 70% of group sales. Restaurants include Toks, Shake Shack, Panda Express, and El Farolito, while the real-estate arm develops and leases commercial properties and shopping centres.

Who owns it

Ángel Losada Gómez was born in Spain in 1908 and founded the first Gigante store in Mexico City in 1962. The Losada family owns 61.1% of Grupo Gigante’s shares, held partly directly and partly through trusts.

That bloc matches the structured data’s 61.3% insider figure exactly, leaving a free float of roughly 29% — thin enough to make the stock relatively illiquid for large outside buyers.

Within the family group, Ángel Losada Moreno personally holds 13.3% of the shares. Other significant personal stakes include Gonzalo Barrutieta Losada at 6.58% and three Arsuaga Losada siblings at 4.38% each.

Institutions account for a further 9.7% (structured data).

Who runs it

Ángel Losada Moreno, son of the founder, has served as Executive Chairman of the Board since 2003. Federico Bernaldo de Quirós González Pacheco has been Chief Executive Officer since January 2018.

Day-to-day operations therefore sit with a professional manager, while the family retains strategic control from the boardroom.

The CFO and Administrative Officer role is held by Rodrigo Sandoval Navarro, while Juan Carlos Alverde Losada leads the restaurant subsidiary Grupo Restaurantero Gigante. The third generation of the Losada family now occupies leadership roles across several subsidiaries.

The money, in plain words

For every MXN 100 (US$6)of goods and meals it sells, the company keeps about MXN 5.60 (US$0.32)as profit — a net margin of 5.6%, modest but stable for a diversified retail and hospitality operator. Revenue grew 5.1% in fiscal 2024, then slowed to 2.2% in fiscal 2025 (our calculations), as a stronger peso and cautious consumers squeezed comparable-store sales.

For every peso that shareholders have put into the business, it earns about 7.5 pesos back annually — a return on equity of 7.5%, adequate but not exceptional. The balance sheet is clean: Petco grew sales 12.9% in 2025 and the group carries MXN 3.94bn (US$227m) in cash against no disclosed financial debt (our calculation), giving it a net cash position that supports both store openings and dividends.

At a price-to-earnings ratio of 14.8× and a dividend yield of 1.4%, the stock is priced as a steady, family-controlled compounder rather than a growth story.

What it is doing now

The group is quietly shrinking its weakest format while expanding its strongest. RadioShack fell from 149 locations in 2022 to just 16 by Q1 2026, while Office Depot trimmed 26 stores over the same stretch.

Beer Factory’s five restaurants were closed permanently in 2024, and The Home Store outlets were converted to the Casaideas home-goods format.

While RadioShack is down to 16 stores, Petco reached 156 locations by Q1 2026, and Shake Shack has grown to 21 outlets in Mexico. In Q1 2026 revenue was essentially flat — up just 0.2% — with comparable sales up 1.4% but net profit down 3.3%, signalling that the transition costs are still working through the income statement.

What to watch

  • Retail format shift. The bet on pets and fast-casual dining over office supplies and electronics will take several years to offset the revenue lost from closing RadioShack and trimming Office Depot.
  • Margin recovery. A net margin of 5.6% and ROE of 7.5% leave limited room for error; any peso weakening or consumer slowdown in Mexico would hit profitability quickly.
  • Float and liquidity. With the Losada family controlling over 61% and institutions holding under 10%, the free float is narrow — which caps the stock’s weight in any index and can exaggerate price moves on thin volume.
  • Real-estate upside. Gigante Grupo Inmobiliario is expanding through new commercial centres and office projects, a segment that generates recurring rental income and could become a more visible part of the investment case.

This is news, not investment advice.

Read More from The Rio Times

The Rio Times · Power Map
See who really holds power in Latin America
Click to open the Power Map

Rotate for Best Experience

This report is optimized for landscape viewing. Rotate your phone for the full experience.