Latin American Pulse for Sunday, April 26, 2026

Colombia Cauca Massacre: 19 Dead, 48 Injured as FARC Dissidents Detonate Cylinder Bomb on Panamericana — 26 Terrorist Attacks in Two Days — Panama Canal Charges Up to $4 Million per Transit as Hormuz Blockade Reshapes Global Shipping — US Modifies Venezuela Sanctions to Allow Maduro’s Defence Lawyers to Be Paid — Petro-Delcy Summit Agreed to Fight Border Criminal Groups — Hours Before Massacre — Peru: Sánchez “Convinced” of Segunda Vuelta, Announces Lawsuit Monday — Brent Briefly Hit $107, Trump Orders Military to “Shoot and Kill” Iranian Small Boats — Amnesty International Warns of Growing Threats to Human Rights in Latin America — Mexico: Chihuahua US Agents Entered as “Visitor and Diplomat”

Colombia: 19 Dead, 48 Injured — 26 FARC Attacks in Two Days

Sat Apr 25: Cylinder bomb detonated on Panamericana highway at El Túnel, Cajibío, Cauca; hit bus + 15 vehicles; 19 civilians dead (up from initial 7), 48 injured including 5 children; FARC dissidents columna Jaime Martínez under “Iván Mordisco”; 26 terrorist attacks in 2 days across Cauca + Valle del Cauca (Caloto, El Tambo, Guachené, Mercaderes, Miranda, Timbio, Patía); 3 days of mourning declared (Decree 0303-04-2026); $1.4M reward for alias “Marlón” (Iván Idrobo Arredondo); $5B COP for Mordisco; Petro ordered “máxima persecución”; 13 armoured cavalry platoons + 12 infantry deployed; came HOURS after Petro returned from Caracas summit with Delcy Rodríguez where they agreed to fight border criminal groups

What Happened

• —The attack: At midday Saturday, a cylinder packed with explosives was launched at vehicles on the Panamericana — Colombia’s principal north-south artery — at the El Túnel section in Cajibío, Cauca. The device struck a passenger bus and destroyed at least 15 vehicles, including a section of the road itself. The death toll rose from an initial 7 to 19 by Sunday morning, with 48 injured — five of them children in critical condition. The Gobernación del Cauca declared three days of departmental mourning. The Colombian military attributed the attack to the columna Jaime Martínez, a unit of the Estado Mayor Central (EMC), the main FARC dissident faction commanded by Néstor Gregorio Vera, alias “Iván Mordisco” — the most wanted man in Colombia. The operational commander, alias “Marlón” (Iván Idrobo Arredondo), is the target of a $1.4 million reward. The Cajibío attack was not isolated: military commander Hugo Alejandro López Barreto confirmed 26 separate terrorist actions across Cauca and Valle del Cauca in two days, including car bombs targeting police in Corinto and El Bordo, and attacks in Cali that killed one and injured nine.
• —The political dimension: The wave of violence arrived hours after President Petro returned from Caracas, where he and Delcy Rodríguez had announced their agreement to jointly combat criminal groups along the Colombia-Venezuela border. The military characterised the attacks as a “desperate attempt to generate media impact and conceal their weakening” under sustained government pressure. Petro ordered “máxima persecución” and the defence ministry deployed 13 armoured cavalry platoons and 12 infantry platoons to the Panamericana corridor. The COLCAP had already fallen 0.86% on Friday to 2,232 with a confirmed MACD bearish cross — as we reported — and Monday’s open will price in the worst security shock of the year, five weeks before the May 25 presidential first round.

RISK: CRITICAL

Panama Canal: $4M per Transit as Hormuz Reshapes Global Shipping

Panama Canal Authority: businesses paying up to $4M per transit slot (normal premium $250-300K); auction system overwhelmed by rerouted vessels; Administrator Vásquez: one fuel ship redirected Europe→Singapore paid $4M extra — “Singapore running out of fuel”; others paid $3M+ on oil shipments; standard transit $300-400K; Panama accused Iran of illegally seizing Panama-flagged MSC Francesca in Hormuz — “serious attack on maritime security”; Brent briefly $107/bbl (from $66 a year ago); ultra-large vessels too big for canal — no viable Hormuz alternative at scale

What Happened

• —The Hormuz blockade’s impact on global trade infrastructure is now quantified in a single number: $4 million. That is the amount one shipping company paid in additional fees — on top of the standard $300,000–$400,000 transit charge — to secure an emergency slot through the Panama Canal after its fuel vessel was redirected from Europe to Singapore because, in the words of Canal Administrator Ricaurte Vásquez, “Singapore is running out of fuel.” Other oil companies paid over $3 million in premiums. The Panama Canal’s auction system — where ships without reservations bid for limited slots — has been overwhelmed by vessels rerouting from the Middle East. The premiums, which normally run $250,000–$300,000, have averaged $425,000 and peaked at several million. But the canal is not a viable large-scale Hormuz alternative: ultra-large crude carriers are too big for the locks. Panama’s government added a diplomatic dimension when it accused Iran of illegally seizing the Panama-flagged MSC Francesca in the strait — calling it a “serious attack on maritime security” and “unnecessary escalation.” Brent crude briefly hit $107 per barrel this week, up from around $66 a year ago. For LATAM’s oil importers — Chile, most of Central America, the Caribbean — every dollar above $100 compounds the inflation pressure that is already straining household budgets and central bank frameworks.

RISK: CRITICAL

US Modifies Venezuela Sanctions — Maduro’s Lawyers Can Now Be Paid

Fri Apr 25: US agreed to modify sanctions to allow Venezuela’s government to pay defence lawyers for Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores in New York narcotrafficking trial; court filing Friday; restriction had threatened to derail prosecution; Maduro (63) and Flores (69) captured in Caracas by US special forces Jan 2026; Delcy Rodríguez simultaneously received new US chargé d’affaires Oliver Blanco in Caracas — “relationship must be based on respect”

What Happened

• —The United States quietly removed one of the most paradoxical obstacles to its own prosecution of Nicolás Maduro. A court filing on Friday revealed that Washington had agreed to modify its sanctions framework to permit Venezuela’s government — now led by Delcy Rodríguez — to pay the legal fees of Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores, both facing narcotrafficking charges in New York after their capture by US special forces in January. The restriction had created an absurd situation: the US had seized Maduro, charged him, and demanded a trial — but its own sanctions prevented the defendant from paying for his defence. The modification signals a pragmatic recalibration rather than a softening of the US position. Simultaneously, Rodríguez received the new US chargé d’affaires Oliver Blanco in Caracas, declaring that the bilateral relationship “must be based on respect.” As we reported, Mercosur is also reopening talks on Venezuela’s return, and the Mercosul-EU deal enters force on May 1 — the constellation suggests Venezuela’s reintegration into the hemispheric economic and legal order is accelerating on multiple fronts.

OUTLOOK: WATCH

Petro-Delcy Summit: Border Security Pact — Hours Before Massacre

Thu Apr 24: Petro traveled to Caracas with military cúpula; agreed with Rodríguez to jointly combat criminal groups along 2,219km shared border; agenda: border trade normalisation, energy cooperation, migration (1.8M+ Venezuelans in Colombia), Catatumbo armed conflict; Petro returned to Bogotá — hours later Cajibío massacre began; Petro then ordered “máxima persecución” against dissidents in Cauca

What Happened

• —The first Petro-Delcy bilateral summit since Maduro’s ouster produced a concrete security commitment: joint operations against criminal organisations along the Colombia-Venezuela border, the hemisphere’s longest at 2,219 kilometres. Petro brought his military leadership to Caracas — a signal that the meeting was operational, not merely diplomatic. The agenda covered border trade normalisation, energy cooperation, the status of 1.8+ million Venezuelan migrants in Colombia, and the Catatumbo conflict where ELN and FARC dissident forces continue clashing. But the summit’s significance was immediately overshadowed by the Cajibío massacre — which began hours after Petro returned to Bogotá. The juxtaposition is devastating for Petro’s security narrative: the president signed a border-security pact in the morning and saw 19 civilians killed on a domestic highway in the afternoon. The FARC dissidents’ timing appears deliberately calculated to humiliate the government and demonstrate that Bogotá’s diplomatic achievements with Caracas have no bearing on the internal armed conflict. The Angie Rodríguez “criminal network” scandal, the approaching May 25 election, and now the Cauca carnage together form the most challenging political week of Petro’s presidency.

RISK: ELEVATED

Peru: Sánchez “Convinced” of Runoff vs Keiko — Lawsuit Filed Monday

Sat Apr 25: Roberto Sánchez told EFE he’s “convinced” he’ll face Keiko in Jun 7 segunda vuelta; bancada will file demanda Monday against ONPE + JNJ chiefs for April 12 irregularities; EU observers: “no evidence of fraud found”; López Aliaga denounces “criminal act against the vote” and “sabotaje electoral”; ONPE 94.79%; gap ~14,785; F-16 crisis + Corvetto resignation + cabinet collapse + congressional uncertainty all simultaneous

What Happened

• —Roberto Sánchez declared on Saturday that he is “convinced” he will face Keiko Fujimori in the June 7 runoff, and announced that his Juntos por el Perú bancada will file a formal lawsuit Monday against the heads of ONPE and the JNJ over the logistical failures of April 12. The legal action comes despite EU election observers confirming they found no evidence of systematic fraud. López Aliaga, trailing by approximately 14,785 votes, continued his accusations of “criminal acts against the vote” and “electoral sabotage.” The ONPE count stands at 94.79% with 4,829 observed actas still under JEE review. Peru is now managing simultaneous institutional crises on every front: the F-16 cabinet collapse (which triggered the resignation of the chancellor and defence minister, as we covered), the Corvetto resignation, a new interim ONPE chief under criminal investigation pressure, and congressional composition uncertainty. An analyst on CNN en Español described the moment as “a period of great uncertainty” — with an interim president lacking legitimacy, a new Congress whose composition is still being determined, and a military procurement scandal that has strained the US relationship.

RISK: ELEVATED

Brent Hits $107 — Trump Orders “Shoot and Kill” on Iranian Small Boats

This week: Brent crude briefly touched $107/bbl — up from $66 a year ago; $41/bbl increase since pre-war; Trump ordered US military to “shoot and kill” Iranian small boats choking Hormuz; 3rd US aircraft carrier arrived in Middle East; Trump refuses to set timeline for end of war; ceasefire “indefinitely” extended but blockade stays; Goldman Sachs: $80 by year-end (prior); reality now $107; Iran seized multiple vessels; Singapore “running out of fuel”; Copom Mon-Tue meets under $107 Brent backdrop

What Happened

• —Brent crude briefly exceeded $107 per barrel this week — a $41 increase from $66 a year ago and the highest level since the war began. The spike was triggered by Iran’s seizure of multiple commercial vessels, a third US aircraft carrier arriving in the Middle East, and Trump’s order for the US military to “shoot and kill” Iranian small boats choking the strait. Goldman Sachs’ earlier projection of $80 by year-end now looks conservative; the actual trajectory suggests $100+ may become the new floor as long as Hormuz remains operationally restricted. For Latin America, the implications cascade through every economy: Brazil’s Petrobras benefits from elevated crude (though demand destruction is a lag risk); Chile, Central America, and the Caribbean face accelerating energy-import inflation; and every central bank in the region — starting with the Copom on Monday-Tuesday — must now calibrate monetary policy against an oil price that has outrun all forecasts. As our Middle East trade report documented, Brazilian exports to the region fell 26% in March; that disruption intensifies at $107 Brent.

RISK: CRITICAL

Amnesty International: Growing Threats to Human Rights in LATAM

CNN en Español: Amnesty International issued regional warning on “crecientes amenazas a los DD.HH. en América Latina”; context: Argentina press ban (unprecedented since dictatorship), Colombia 19 dead in Cauca, Mexico Teotihuacán shooting + Chihuahua sovereignty crisis + 115K disappeared, Peru institutional collapse, Cuba 20-hour blackouts, El Salvador 500 gang members mega-trial, US deportations to Congo

What Happened

• —Amnesty International issued a regional warning about “growing threats to human rights in Latin America” — a statement that reads as a summary of this week’s Pulse coverage. Argentina’s unprecedented press ban and criminal espionage charges against journalists. Colombia’s Cauca massacre and the 26 terrorist attacks in two days. Mexico’s triple security crisis — Teotihuacán, Chihuahua, and the 115,000+ disappeared that prompted the UN Human Rights Commissioner’s visit. Peru’s institutional collapse across the presidency, electoral body, and judiciary simultaneously. Cuba’s humanitarian crisis with blackouts of up to 20 hours daily. El Salvador’s mega-trial of 500 gang members. The US deportation of 15 Latin American migrants to the Congo. The Amnesty statement contextualises what this Pulse has been tracking in daily granularity: the hemisphere is experiencing a simultaneous deterioration of institutional, security, and civil-liberties conditions across multiple countries — not as isolated events but as a structural pattern.

RISK: ELEVATED

Mexico: Chihuahua Agents Entered as “Visitor and Diplomat”

CNN en Español: the two US agents killed in Chihuahua entered Mexico using a visitor visa and a diplomatic passport — not under the federal security cooperation framework; contradicts Sheinbaum’s position that only intelligence sharing exists; raises questions about whether the operation was CIA/DEA black site or authorised bilateral activity; Sheinbaum national security law investigation ongoing; Trump has not responded publicly

What Happened

• —CNN en Español reported a significant new detail in the Chihuahua sovereignty crisis: the two US agents who died in the car crash after raiding six Sinaloa Cartel synthetic-drug labs in the Sierra Tarahumara had entered Mexico using a visitor visa and a diplomatic passport — not under any formal federal security cooperation framework. This directly contradicts the narrative that US personnel were present in a “training” capacity under bilateral agreements. It raises the question of whether the operation was an unauthorised intelligence action — potentially CIA or DEA — conducted through the Chihuahua state government rather than the federal channels that Sheinbaum’s constitutional line demands. The revelation complicates both sides: for Mexico, it suggests the federal government’s control over foreign security personnel on Mexican soil is weaker than Sheinbaum claimed; for Washington, it confirms that US agents were operating under cover arrangements rather than transparent bilateral protocols. As our Teotihuacán coverage noted, Mexico’s security environment is now generating daily international headlines — with the Chihuahua, Teotihuacán, and disappearances crises converging ahead of the FIFA World Cup 2026.

RISK: ELEVATED

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