Central America is back on the global mining map. Soaring demand for gold and copper, driven by electric cars, batteries and data centers, is pushing governments from Guatemala to Nicaragua to reopen or expand large-scale mines along the so-called Central American Gold Belt.
On paper, the numbers look modest: metal mining rarely exceeds 2% of GDP in Guatemala, Honduras or El Salvador. On the ground, a single megaproject can reshape entire regions.
Visitors to sites like the Cerro Blanco gold mine and the Fénix nickel project in Guatemala, or the Los Pinares/Ecotek iron-ore operation in Honduras, describe a familiar pattern: heavy trucks and new roads, guarded gates, and surrounding communities split between those hoping for jobs and those fearing they will lose their land and water.
El Salvador is the clearest example of a political U-turn. In 2017, it became the first country in the world to ban metal mining. In 2024, the government scrapped that ban, arguing that new projects could bring investment and hard currency to a heavily indebted state.
For local residents, especially in a country already facing water stress, the prospect of cyanide-based gold mining upstream of their drinking supplies feels like a high-stakes gamble taken far away from their towns.
Further south, Nicaragua has become the region’s mining outlier. In just two years, the Ortega-Murillo regime has granted more than 500,000 hectares in concessions, many to Chinese companies.
Gold has quietly overtaken coffee and beef to become Nicaragua’s top export, generating more than a billion dollars a year as open-pit mines advance into forest and Indigenous territory with little public oversight.
The lesson is straightforward. The metals that make modern, digital and “green” lifestyles possible increasingly come from small, institutionally fragile countries where a handful of families and political insiders dominate decision-making.
Central America is not deciding whether to mine or not, but whether mining is done under clear rules that protect communities and long-term growth, or under opaque deals that deliver quick cash, deeper social fractures and landscapes that will be expensive — or impossible — to repair.