Indonesia’s mineral export bans have sparked criticism from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
While these restrictions threaten the stability of global trade, Indonesia argues that they are necessary for economic growth and industrial development.
The IMF’s 2022 country report urged Indonesia to postpone the restrictions and avoid extending them to other commodities.
The organization cautioned that these measures could destabilize the multilateral trade system.
However, Indonesia remains steadfast in adding value to minerals like nickel, bauxite, copper, and tin as part of its industrialization efforts.
Previously, the WTO ruled that Indonesia’s mineral export restrictions violated international trade agreements.
However, the ruling lacks an enforcement mechanism due to opposition from the United States.
The European Union (EU) filed the complaint and argued that the nickel ban unfairly limited EU access to raw materials essential for stainless steel production, distorting the global mineral ore market.
Despite the mining sector’s modest contribution to Indonesia’s GDP in 2019, the value-added from minerals significantly increased after the nickel ban was implemented.
President Widodo anticipates a value-added impact exceeding US$30 billion, highlighting the government’s commitment to domestic industrialization and improved welfare.
Critics emphasize the slow progress in developing downstream industries and advocate for comprehensive cost-benefit analyses for each mineral ban.
They contend that tailored approaches are necessary for different minerals.
Several countries, including the US, China, and EU member states, have expressed concerns and joined the WTO dispute as third parties.
Indonesia’s ban on mineral exports, particularly nickel, has disrupted the global supply chain for electric vehicles (EVs) and strategic products like rocket engines.
With substantial nickel reserves, Indonesia has become an attractive source for car companies seeking to secure supplies.
China and the US, lacking significant reserves, heavily rely on imports.
To address environmental and social impacts and meet sustainability standards, Indonesia must ensure sustainable processing methods for nickel mining.
High-pressure acid leaching (HPAL) shows promise in converting class 2 nickel to class 1 suitable for EV batteries, but it demands substantial energy and water resources and produces toxic waste.
In addition to mineral export bans, Indonesia aims to establish a global nickel cartel akin to OPEC to coordinate policies and stabilize prices.
The country is in discussions with other major nickel suppliers, proposing the formation of an OPEC-like group for nickel and palm oil.
Indonesia’s mineral export bans have garnered international attention, raising concerns about trade stability and environmental impacts.
Balancing economic interests and sustainable practices will be crucial for Indonesia’s position in the global market as discussions continue.